Quotes: Skepticism
Skepticism on this page appears both as a warning and a method: Acton questions authority and the corruptive pull of power, Descartes insists on doubt as the path to certain self-knowledge, and Socrates models intellectual humility. Together they probe what we accept and on what grounds.
You are invited to consider the balance they propose between distrusting unchecked power, rigorously testing beliefs, and acknowledging one’s limits. Their combined challenge is to treat doubt as a disciplined practice that refines judgment rather than as an excuse for inaction.
3 quotes on this theme, each with its source and insight
The quotes
“Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.”
Source: Acton–Creighton correspondence, letter to Mandell Creighton, 1887 · Check the source
Verified attributionWhat we know
- What is documented
- The maxim appears in Acton's 1887 letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton; scholars and archives identify that correspondence as the origin.
Acton warns that unchecked authority erodes moral judgment: as power grows absolute, it breeds impunity and weakens conscience. He penned this line in an 1887 letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton while arguing that historians must judge leaders by the same moral standards as anyone else.
“I think, therefore I am.”
Source: Discourse on the Method ; Meditations on First Philosophy · Check the source
Verified attributionWhat we know
- What is documented
- Descartes is securely tied to the cogito; his writings present the argument in several formulations, Latin and vernacular.
- What remains uncertain
- The concise Latin tag functions as a canonical label; Descartes used varying phrasings such as “I am, I exist,” and the exact French wording is a later rendering.
The cogito isolates a minimal certainty: thinking proves the existence of a thinking self in that instant. Descartes used this to rebuild knowledge from a point immune to radical doubt, reshaping modern ideas about subjectivity and reason.
“As for me, all I know is that I know nothing.”
Source: Apology, 21d–22d (c. 399 BC) · Check the source
Disputed attributionWhat we know
- What is documented
- Scholarly evidence ties the idea to Plato’s Apology (especially around 21d–22d) where Socrates explains his relative ‘wisdom’ as awareness of ignorance.
- What remains uncertain
- The familiar modern wording is a later paraphrase; the exact phrase does not appear verbatim in Plato and its direct attribution is disputed.
This saying captures Socratic intellectual humility: true wisdom begins by recognizing what one does not know. The exact wording is a later condensation, but Plato’s Apology records Socrates’ claim that he’s wiser because he doesn’t pretend to know.